How to Read the Offense as a Safety

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Classification of Offenses

(I) In the USA the determination of how a criminal offence should be classified rests with the private jurisdiction. Each land has developed its own torso of criminal law and consequently determines its own penalties for the different crimes. Thus, the criminal police of a given state defines and grades offenses, sets levels of punishment, and classifies crimes into dissimilar categories.

(2) The almost common nomenclature is the segmentation between felonies and misdemeanors. This distinction is based primarily on the degree of seriousness of the crime: a felony is a serious offense and a misdemeanor is a less serious one.

(3) In the United States today, felonies include serious crimes confronting the person such equally criminal homicide, robbery, and rape, or crimes against belongings, such as burglary and larceny. A felony is punishable by death penalty or imprisonment in a state or federal penitentiary (prison for felons) for more than i year. Misdemeanors include petty larceny, assault and battery, the unlawful possession of drugs, disturbing the peace or reckless driving. A misdemeanor is punishable by a fine or imprisonment in the county jail (local jail for minor offenders) or both, depending upon state constabulary.

(Four) *The felony-misdemeanor classification has a direct upshot on the offender charged with the crime. A person convicted of a felony may exist barred from certain fields of employment or from inbound some professional fields of study, such as constabulary or medicine. A person with a felony offender�southward condition might be denied the right to concur public office, vote or serve on a jury.

(Five) Whether the offender is charged with a felony or a misdemeanor also makes a difference at the fourth dimension of abort. Normally, the law of arrest requires that if the crime is a misdemeanor and has not been committed in the presence of a law officeholder, the officer cannot make an arrest. This is known every bit the in-presence requirement. In dissimilarity, an arrest for a felony may exist made regardless of whether the crime was committed in the officer�due south presence, equally long as the officeholder has reasonable grounds to believe that the person has committed the felony.

(VI) Another important effect of this classification is that a court�s jurisdiction often depends on whether a criminal offense is considered a felony or a misdemeanor. A person charged with a felony must be tried by a court that has jurisdiction over this blazon of law-breaking. Some states prosecute felonies simply on indictment. This means that a person defendant of a felony ordinarily has a legal correct to a preliminary hearing and presentment of the charges by indictment of a grand jury or information.*



(Seven) In addition to serious felony crimes and less serious offenses labeled misdemeanors, some jurisdictions likewise have a third category of least serious offenses chosen violations. These violations, usually of town, metropolis, or county ordinances, are regulatory offenses that may not require criminal intent. Examples include health and germ-free violations, unlawful assembly, public disturbances, and traffic violations. Violations are usually punishable by a fine or a short jail term.

Do 5. Scan the text and find definitions to these legal terms:

- Felony

- Misdemeanor

EXERCISE six. Skim the text and make-upwardly a listing of:

- serious offenses

- less serious offenses



Do 7. Read the text and reply the post-obit questions:

1. Who makes the decision of how a crime should exist classified in the USA?

ii. What is the most common classification of offenses in the USA?

iii. What crimes do the felonies include?

4. What crimes do the misdemeanors include?

5. What is the tertiary category of offences?

six. What practice violations include?

vii. How tin can a felony be punished?

8. How can a misdemeanor exist punished?

9. How can a violation be punished?

EXERCISE 8. Read the text carefully and complete the sentences given beneath.

one. The most mutual nomenclature is the partition betwixt _________ and misdemeanors.

2. A felony is punishable by ________ ________ or imprisonment.

3. A _________ is punishable by a fine or imprisonment.

iv. A person bedevilled of a felony may ______ ________ from certain fields of employment.

5. A court�s __________ often depends on whether a crime is considered a felony or misdemeanor.

6. Some states prosecute felonies only on _________.

7. Some jurisdictions take a third category of least serious offenses called _________.

eight. These violations, ordinarily of boondocks, urban center or county _________, are regulatory offenses.

Practise 9. Using the paragraph reference given in brackets, find words in the text which take a similar meaning to:

- offense, wrongdoing, an illegal act, violation (I)

- punishment, retribution (I)

- penalty, sentence (I)

- categorize, group, sort, grade (I)

- jail, penitentiary (3)

- be excluded (IV)

- demand, need, provision, guild (V)

- reason, justification, motive, cause (V)

- power, dominance (6)


- aim, purpose, idea, plan (Seven)

- disorder (VII)

Exercise 10. Put the words into the correct club (subject�verb-object) to brand up sentences.

1. over, state, the individual jurisdiction, of, offenses, has, each, classification.

2. misdemeanors, a division, is, between, there, felonies ,and.

iii. the examples, felonies, criminal homicide, and, robbery , rape, of, are.

4. indictment, in, prosecuted, felonies, states, on, some, are, simply.

5. a given country, penalisation, set ,levels, of, past, are, of, the criminal law.

Practise 11. Brand up sentences using the following word combinations:

individual jurisdiction, penalties for the unlike crimes, dissimilar categories, be based on, be punishable, exist charged with, be convicted of, be arrested for, be accused of, be tried, may require.

EXERCISE 12. Using the paragraph reference given in brackets, detect in the text the English equivalents for these Russian legal terms and expressions.

- ������������ ��������-�������� ���� (I)

- ���� ����������� (IV)

- �������� ��������������� ��������� (4)

- ������������ ����, ������������ ��������� ������ (V)

- ���������� ����� (Five)

- ������������� ����������� (V)

- ������ ��������� (5)

- ��������������� �������� (VI)

- ������������� ���, ������������ ������� ���� (VI)

- ������������� ����������, ������������ ���������� ��� ������� �������� ���� (Six)

- ������������� �������������� ������ (Seven)

- ��������������, ����������� � ���������� ������������ ������� (Seven)

EXERCISE 13. Translate the marked * passage of the text CLASSIFICATION OF OFFENSES into Russian.

EXERCISE 14. Read the text given below. Make up questions that may lead to further classroom discussion. Ask your questions to your classmates.

INTOXICATION

Ane who is charged with a crime may raise the issue of intoxication equally a defence. However the consequence depends on whether the intoxication was voluntary or involuntary.

Involuntary intoxication may provide a consummate excuse for criminal liability under some circumstances. Involuntary intoxication is allowed as a defence if the accused was tricked into drinking or ingesting alcohol or drugs that rendered him or her incapable of forming the necessary intent for the crime that was committed.

Voluntary intoxication is considered a defense only if, as issue of intoxication, the defendant is unable to form the necessary intent required for a specific criminal deed. For instance, if a person consumed several drinks at a local bar and, in a drunken stupor, attempted to enter the wrong business firm, he or she would not be guilty of attempted burglary. Some jurisdictions have enacted statutes that remove voluntary intoxication as a defense, since the perpetrator knowingly ingested the alcohol or drugs prior to commission of the crime.

EXERCISE xv. Interpret the given passage into English language.

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¯Focus on grammar. The -ing forms

The � ing forms can role either as a present participle, a verbal substantive or gerund.

Translate the following examples into Russian paying attention to the -ing forms.

i. A man intending to harm his friend later on a disagreement hits him in the head.

2. Circumstances that mitigate the killing.

three. Wrongful taking and carrying away of personal property is punishable by law.

four. A adult female buys some poison, intending to kill her hubby.

5. A man seeing a stranger sitting in his favorite seat in the cafeteria pushes him out of the seat.

half dozen. He thinks that social drinking is disgusting.

seven. Intentional killing committed under extenuating circumstances.

8. He seized a chair and began to wave it around his head, hit students who happen to exist in his path.

9. Admitting no definite alibi for the fourth dimension of the murder, Dr Gooding stated that he wanted to confer with his attorney.


���� ����������: 2014-11-13; ����������: 21; ��������� ��������� ����




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